Seniors often grapple with multiple health issues, and among the common concerns is osteoporosis. On the annual occasion of World Osteoporosis Day, marked each year on 20th October, a year-long campaign commences, aiming to enhance global awareness about osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Today, we will talk about osteoporosis, a common bone disease that predominantly affects seniors, causing bones to become fragile and prone to fractures.
Causes:
Ageing: One of the primary causes of osteoporosis is the natural ageing process. As individuals grow older, bone density naturally decreases, making bones more susceptible to fractures.
Hormonal Changes: Hormonal changes in both men and women can lead to osteoporosis. In women, the decline in oestrogen levels during menopause is a significant factor. In men, reduced testosterone levels can contribute to bone loss.
Family History: A family history of osteoporosis can increase the risk. If close relatives have experienced the condition, it’s essential to be vigilant.
Nutritional Factors: Poor nutrition, particularly a lack of calcium and vitamin D, can lead to weaker bones. An inadequate intake of these essential nutrients affects bone density.
Inactivity, smoking and consuming alcohol: A sedentary lifestyle and a lack of weight-bearing exercise can contribute to bone loss. Regular physical activity helps maintain bone density. Smoking and consuming alcohol significantly contributes.
Medical Conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, hyperthyroidism, and gastrointestinal diseases, can impact bone health and contribute to osteoporosis.
Symptoms:
Osteoporosis is often called a “silent disease” because it progresses without symptoms until a fracture occurs. Common fractures associated with osteoporosis include those of the wrist, hip, and spine. Some potential symptoms and warning signs may include:
Back Pain: Osteoporosis-related vertebral fractures can lead to chronic back pain and a stooped posture.
Height Loss: A loss of height over time may be noticeable due to vertebral compression fractures.
Fractures: Individuals with osteoporosis are more prone to fractures, which can occur even with minor trauma or stress.
Diagnosis:
Osteoporosis is typically diagnosed through bone density testing, which measures bone mineral density (BMD). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans are commonly used to assess BMD. Based on the T-score from the DXA scan, which compares bone density to that of a healthy young adult, individuals are categorised into normal, osteopenia (low bone density), or osteoporosis.
Prevention:
Preventing osteoporosis is crucial, especially for seniors. Here are some preventive measures:
A Balanced Diet: Ensure an intake of calcium-rich foods like dairy products, leafy greens, and fortified foods. Adequate vitamin D is necessary for calcium absorption.
Regular Exercise: Engage in weight-bearing exercises like walking, jogging, and resistance training to improve bone density and muscle strength.
Healthy Lifestyle Choices: Avoid smoking and alcohol intake. Smoking and alcohol consumption can weaken bones.
Bone Density Testing: Regular bone density tests can help identify early signs of osteoporosis.
Medications: In some cases, doctors may recommend calcium and vitamin D to manage osteoporosis or improve bone health.
Treatment:
When osteoporosis is diagnosed, treatment focuses on slowing bone loss, preventing fractures, and relieving pain. Treatment options may include:
Medications: Bisphosphonates, hormone-related therapies, and newer medications like denosumab can help reduce bone loss and fracture risk.
Calcium and Vitamin D Supplements: These supplements may be prescribed to ensure the body gets the essential nutrients for bone health.
Lifestyle Modifications: Fall prevention strategies, such as improving home safety, can reduce the risk of fractures.
Physical Therapy: Physical therapists can help with exercises to improve posture, strengthen muscles, and reduce pain.
Pain Management: For individuals experiencing discomfort, pain management techniques may be recommended.
Osteoporosis in seniors is a common yet manageable condition. Awareness, prevention, and timely intervention are key to maintaining bone health in older adults. Seniors should discuss their bone health with a doctor and develop a personalised plan for osteoporosis prevention and management.
Dr Zubair Saleem is a Senior Geriatric Consultant and Gerontologist